More on integration: ‘When Justice Clarence Thomas provided a pivotal vote last month as the Supreme Court struck down school integration plans in Louisville, Ky., and Seattle, he suggested the concept of integration was inherently demeaning to black children because it implied they needed to mix with whites to achieve excellence.’

‘Christopher Edley Jr., the dean of the law school at the University of California, Berkeley, said no one had seriously argued that just putting black children alongside white children made them learn better.
“The central claim for integration today is aspirational,” Mr. Edley said. “How do we build a society that is free of the poisons of color?”’

Some would argue that the poisons of color are invincible.
Others have a point when they say that the medicine often was as bad as the illness itself.

And the question if affirmative action is effective is also worth asking.